MT-COX4 was used as the standard for mtDNA, and GAPDH was used as the nuclear DNA (nDNA) normalizer to calculate the mtDNA/nDNA ratio
As of early 2026, reports indicate that FDA reclassification efforts have been underway, with some movement toward restoring certain peptides to Category 1 status which would permit evaluated compounding under regulatory oversight
Interestingly, the Life Impact and Other Intolerance scale scores also differ by group, indicating a greater overall illness burden in the highest QEESI categories relative to the lower categories
The interest and use of nutraceuticals that can play a supportive role in health and skin aging has increased dramatically in the last 10 years, with products containing vitamin C and E, collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants such as curcumin, glutathione, and resveratrol, which have multiple anti-inflammatory, protective effects against oxidative stress and age-related decline in cellular function [79,80,81]