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Enteroendocrine cells (EECs), specialized neuroendocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium, mediate this postprandial gut feedback, as they sense the luminal milieu and release gut peptides that influence metabolic homeostasis, such as GLP-1 and cholecystokinin (CCK) 16
GLP-1 regulates inflammatory response by lowering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin 6 and interleukin 1, and stimulates activation of regulatory T cells