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not a peptide CHEMICAL STRUCTURE Molecular Formula : C 21 H 27 N 7 O 14 P 2 Source: PubChem Mechanism of Action NAD + functions as an essential electron carrier by cycling between oxidized (NAD + ) and reduced (NADH) forms in cellular metabolism, accepting and donating electrons during glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to support ATP production

Diabetes affecting over 830 million people, which accounts for 14% of adults 18 years or older worldwide (Miller et al., 2025)

Mitochondrial and Energy Production Markers: These include metabolites like citric acid, fumaric acid, and aconitic acid from the Krebs (citric acid) cycle

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