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Diminished retinal complex lipid synthesis and impaired fatty acid -oxidation associated with human diabetic retinopathy

In summary, while GLP-1 RAs show significant potential for extending lifespan and addressing age-related illnesses, their effects are likely to vary among different organ systems due to the complexities of aging

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Exenatide has been shown to mitigate the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates and the accumulation of monomeric -synuclein.414 By activating the GLP-1 signaling pathway, exenatide exhibits neuroprotective effects and safeguards dopaminergic neurons.5 The most well-known mechanism through which GLP-1RAs affect weight loss is through the endocrine pathway, but its role in the nervous system should not be overlooked.415,416,417 GLP-1RAs can exert their local effects by activating vagal dendritic terminals that innervate the gut.418,419,420 This activation holds the ability to modulate food consumption by reducing food intake and conveying signals of satiety to the brain.391 GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs exert their effects on food intake and body weight through a myriad of neural substrates, encompassing several hypothalamic nuclei (including the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamic area), hindbrain nuclei (such as the parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus tractus solitarius), the ventral subregion of the hippocampus (vHP), and nuclei embedded within the mesolimbic reward circuitry (including the ventral tegmental area, VTA, and nucleus accumbens, NAc).421,422 Remarkably, GLP-1R activation in certain nuclei (such as the VTA, NAc, and vHP) elicits reductions in food intake and body weight without concurrent nausea responses.392 The relationship of inflammatory response and neurodegenerative disease In the research conducted by Daniel J