In COVID-19 patients, FeRD could trigger several clinical manifestations including (i) decrease functional hemoglobin (Hb), (ii) increase cellular iron overload, (iii) release free toxic heme into the circulation, (iv) manifest hypoxemia and systemic hypoxia, (v) reduce nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, (vi) activate coagulation pathway(s), (vii) trigger ferroptosis with OxS and lipid peroxidation, and (viii) induce mitochondrial degeneration 27,146
Skin whitening treatments are meant for individuals having uneven skin tone, hyperpigmentation, or dark spots caused by aging, sun damage, or hormonal changes
& Holstein-Rathlou, N.-H
Nevertheless, the insulin resistance and abdominal adiposity seems to be essential in the pathophysiological process, and for this reason, based on the information available, we propose IGF-1 as a key hormone in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome due to its implications in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids