Most available studies are underpowered, short-term, and heterogeneous in design, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about long-term efficacy, optimal dosing strategies, or the specific patient subgroups most likely to benefit
The injection timing matters less than the sleep timing
Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesions that destroy the gastric mucosa (which can be caused by ingestion of corrosives, extensive tumors, and conditions associated with gastric atrophy, such as multiple sclerosis, certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy) Structural lesions leading to vitamin B 12 deficiency, including regional ileitis, ileal reactions, and malignancies Competition for vitamin B 12 by intestinal parasites or bacteria
The -H2AX expression was determined by quantifying the number of foci in 50 K1 cells under each condition