The results demonstrated that the supplementation of the culture medium with 20 M leonurine (Leo20) resulted in a significant enhancement of blastocyst development, as evidenced by increased numbers of ICM, TE, and TCC in embryos when compared to the control group
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They regulate local intestinal function and systemic metabolism through multiple mechanisms ( Energy metabolism regulation: SCFAs provide 60%70% of the energy requirements for colonocytes, with butyrate being the preferred substrate ( de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis ( Receptor-mediated signal transduction: SCFAs are natural ligands for FFAR2 and FFAR3, receptors widely expressed in enteroendocrine and immune cells ( Immune regulatory functions: SCFAs exert epigenetic regulatory effects through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition, influencing immune cell differentiation and function ( 3.3.3 Intestinal barrier integrity and metabolic endotoxemia The intestinal barrier represents a selectively permeable barrier between the internal environment and intestinal luminal contents, comprising mechanical barriers (epithelial cells and tight junctions), chemical barriers (mucus layer and antimicrobial peptides), immune barriers, and biological barriers (commensal microbiota) ( Intestinal barrier dysfunction, termed leaky gut, is characterized by increased translocation of bacterial metabolites and endotoxins (particularly LPS) into systemic circulation ( High-fat diet is a major factor inducing intestinal barrier dysfunction
