In conclusion, this review indicates that the effects on HR differ within the class of GLP-1 RAs: short-acting GLP-1 RAs are associated with a modest and transient HR increase before returning to baseline levels, while some long-acting GLP-1 RAs are associated with a more pronounced and sustained increase during the day and night
Without peer-reviewed human data, assertions of efficacy or safety stand primarily on animal studies, case reports, and anecdote
Ideally, experiments involving cortisol measures should be conducted outside of these responses and in the afternoon when cortisol levels and intra-individual variability are lower 61
In many cases, people are at family events, parties, weddings, or vacations and tend to let these seemingly harmless foods make their way in and cause issues, he says